Mechanical Specifications of the Skin Normal and Cancerous Cells Using Atomic Force Microscope

Sadeghi, Ali; Pour Esmaeil Fatideh, Adel; Madani, Amir Hossein; Aryanipour, Baran

doi:10.52547/masm.2.3.299

Mechanical Specifications of the Skin Normal and Cancerous Cells Using Atomic Force Microscope

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Ali Sadeghi ¹

Adel Pour Esmaeil Fatideh ¹

Amir Hossein Madani ²

Baran Aryanipour ¹

¹ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Damavand branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Tehran, Iran

² Department of Bio Medical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

https://doi.org/10.52547/masm.2.3.299

Abstract

Deformation of cells and changing in mechanical specifications is one of the most important of cancer as serious illness. In fact, variation of mechanical properties of the cells is one of the important effects of the cancer. Here, the mechanical specifications of normal and cancerous skin cells have been studied. HU02, A-375 and A-431 as the normal and cancerous skin cells respectively have been investigated. The mechanical specifications including elasticity modulus and adhesion have been obtained using nanoindentation using JPK Instruments-Nano Wizard 3 atomic force microscope (AFM). The JPK SPM Data Processing software (v.5.0.96) was used to obtain the mechanical specifications. The results show that cancer can decrease the elasticity modulus of the cells to half in skin and increases the adhesion up to 38 times rather than normal cells. The cancerous cells are more adhesive than normal cells. The height of the cancerous cell is greater than normal cell.

Keywords

Elastic modulus

Cancerous cell

Mechanical specifications

Skin cell

Atomic force microscope

20.1001.1.27834220.1401.2.3.3.2

[1] Binnig G, Quate CF, Gerber C. Atomic force microscope. Physical review letters. 1986;56:930.

[2] Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. cell. 2011;144:646-74.

[3] Jinka R, Kapoor R, Sistla PG, Raj TA, Pande G. Alterations in cell-extracellular matrix interactions during progression of cancers. International journal of cell biology. 2012;2012.

[4] Lekka M. Discrimination between normal and cancerous cells using AFM. Bionanoscience. 2016;6:65-80.

[5] Lekka M, Laidler P, Gil D, Lekki J, Stachura Z, Hrynkiewicz AZ. Elasticity of normal and cancerous human bladder cells studied by scanning force microscopy. European Biophysics Journal. 1999;28:312-6.

[6] Faria EC, Ma N, Gazi E, Gardner P, Brown M, Clarke NW, et al. Measurement of elastic properties of prostate cancer cells using AFM. Analyst. 2008;133:1498-500.

[7] Xu W, Mezencev R, Kim B, Wang L, McDonald J, Sulchek T. Cell stiffness is a biomarker of the metastatic potential of ovarian cancer cells. 2012.

[8] Buxboim A, Ivanovska IL, Discher DE. Matrix elasticity, cytoskeletal forces and physics of the nucleus: how deeply do cells ‘feel’outside and in? Journal of cell science. 2010;123:297-308.

[9] Quan F-S, Kim KS. Medical applications of the intrinsic mechanical properties of single cells. Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica. 2016;48:865-71.

[10] Schillers H, Wälte M, Urbanova K, Oberleithner H. Real-time monitoring of cell elasticity reveals oscillating myosin activity. Biophysical journal. 2010;99:3639-46.

[11] Trappmann B, Gautrot JE, Connelly JT, Strange DGT, Li Y, Oyen ML, et al. Extracellular-matrix tethering regulates stem-cell fate. Nature materials. 2012;11:642-9.

[12] Hung M-S, Tsai M-F. Investigating the influence of anti-cancer drugs on the mechanics of cells using AFM. Bionanoscience. 2015;5:156-61.

[13] Li M, Liu L-q, Xi N, Wang Y-c. Nanoscale monitoring of drug actions on cell membrane using atomic force microscopy. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2015;36:769-82.

[14] Adami BS, Diz FM, Gonçalves GPO, Reghelin CK, Scherer M, Dutra AP, et al. Morphological and mechanical changes induced by quercetin in human T24 bladder cancer cells. Micron. 2021;151:103152.

[15] Floor SL, Dumont JE, Maenhaut C, Raspe E. Hallmarks of cancer: of all cancer cells, all the time? Trends in molecular medicine. 2012;18:509-15.

[16] Cavallo F, De Giovanni C, Nanni P, Forni G, Lollini P-L. 2011: the immune hallmarks of cancer. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy. 2011;60:319-26.

[17] Au NPB, Fang Y, Xi N, Lai KWC, Ma CHE. Probing for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in live dorsal root ganglion neurons with atomic force microscopy. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine. 2014;10:1323-33.

[18] Li W, Xue J, Xu H. Combined administration of PTX and S-HM-3 in TPGS/Solutol micelle system for oncotarget therapy. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 2019;14:1011.

[19] Seo YH, Jo Y-n, Oh YJ, Park S. Nano-mechanical reinforcement in drug-resistant ovarian cancer cells. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2015;38:389-95.

[20] Cormier JN, Hijazi YM, Abati A, Fetsch P, Bettinotti M, Steinberg SM, et al. Heterogeneous expression of melanoma‐associated antigens and HLA‐A2 in metastatic melanoma in vivo. International journal of cancer. 1998;75:517-24.

[21] Giard DJ, Aaronson SA, Todaro GJ, Arnstein P, Kersey JH, Dosik H, et al. In vitro cultivation of human tumors: establishment of cell lines derived from a series of solid tumors. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1973;51:1417-23.