https://masm.araku.ac.ir/ Mechanic of Advanced and Smart Materials en daily 1 Mon, 21 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Mon, 21 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://masm.araku.ac.ir/article_715161.html Phononic crystals are a kind of advanced materials that are created by alternating arrangement of one or more inclusion materials in a different host material. In this research, the effect of the dimensional parameters of inclusions on the band gap of tungsten-rubber phononic crystal plate has been investigated. The shape of the inclusion under investigation is a hollow cylinder and the lattice type is square. The analysis of the above structure was done based on the finite element method and with aid of Comsol software. The band structures of the phononic crystals have been obtained for 10 different dimensions of the inclusion (inner and outer diameter of the hollow cylinder). The results showed that to achieve the widest band gap, the outer and inner diameters of the cylinder should be 4.5 and 3.77 mm, respectively. In this case, the band gap can be obtained from the frequency of 281.5 to 1076.5 Hz, and the total width of the band gap is 795 Hz. https://masm.araku.ac.ir/article_725126.html This experimental study investigated the effect of machining parameters on the surface roughness of bone during the grinding process. Bone grinding is commonly used in neurosurgery, spinal operations, and heel spur removal. Despite using CNC machines and robotic systems in this field, selecting optimal process parameters to achieve desirable surface quality remains a significant challenge. In this research, bovine femur bone samples were subjected to experimental trials. Four parameters were examined, including spindle speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and tool diameter. The Sobol sensitivity analysis method was implemented using Python programming to assess surface roughness's sensitivity to these parameters. Subsequently, response surface methodology (RSM) in Minitab software was employed for results analysis and process optimization. The findings revealed that tool diameter, depth of cut, and osteon orientation had the most substantial influence on surface roughness. The optimum roughness value of 1.47 µm was obtained under specific conditions: spindle speed of 3000 rpm, feed rate of 60 mm/min, depth of cut of 0.1 mm, tool diameter of 8 mm, and across osteon orientation. The sensitivity analysis confirmed the dominant role of tool diameter in both longitudinal and across osteon orientations. https://masm.araku.ac.ir/article_728278.html In the present study, the vibrational analysis of a three-layer sandwich plate with an auxetic core under aerodynamic forces with simply supported boundary conditions has been investigated. In this sandwich plate, the middle layer, or the so-called core, is made of auxetic material. The plate is subjected to aerodynamic forces on one side. To reduce the intensity of vibrations in the structure, the plate has been reinforced with carbon nanotubes. For the analysis and modeling of the plate’s vibrations, the modified shear deformation plate theories were employed, and the aerodynamic force exerted by the airflow on the plate was assumed based on first-order piston theory. Using Hamilton's principle, the governing equations for the vibrational behavior of the sandwich plate were derived, and the Galerkin weighted residual method was utilized to solve these equations. To demonstrate the validity of the obtained relationships and the proposed solution method, the results of this study were compared with results published in reputable journals and numerical solutions obtained using the finite element method through commercial software. Finally, the effects of various parameters such as the geometric dimensions of the sandwich plate, the dimensions of the auxetic core, aerodynamic pressure, and the volume fraction of carbon nanotubes on the vibrations of the structure were examined and analyzed. https://masm.araku.ac.ir/article_722153.html In this paper, shape memory polymers (SMPs) are reviewed, as they have demonstrated exceptional properties that make them suitable as advanced materials for current and potential applications, particularly in robotics. However, the thermomechanical properties and traditional shape memory features are somewhat limited due to their ability to recover their original shape solely through the use of a heating source. SMPs not only possess remarkable mechanical and shape memory properties but also their ease of fabrication makes them suitable candidates for numerous applications. In this research, an artificial muscle equipped with a shape memory polymer is introduced, and its mechanical properties are measured and tested in a simple gripping and releasing mechanism. The results showed that the device is capable of performing cyclic loading and provides a force-to-energy ratio of 0.25. In future, the possibility of using this apparatus in robotic application such as surgical operation and crop harvester will be studied and evaluated. https://masm.araku.ac.ir/article_731953.html In this article, research on the process of induction hardening on the Saina vehicle’s Tulip part, which is made of 1055 steel, was investigated. The input parameters discussed in this article include induction power, hardening time and cooling fluid pressure, and in the output parameter, surface hardness and effective case depth were investigated. Using the test design table extracted from the Minitab software and the analyzes performed with the response surface method, the mathematical and statistical equations governing the process were extracted, and using the analysis of variance table, the ineffective parameters of the process were removed and the final regression equation and other required information was extracted. Then the optimization of the process according to the desired values to achieve the desired surface hardness and effective case depth were done by providing a suitable range of induction power settings, induction time and cooling fluid pressure, which helped to reduce destructive tests and increase the quality assurance of parts. https://masm.araku.ac.ir/article_734603.html The entry of air into hydraulic power systems presents a key challenge for both stationary and mobile machinery. Given the performance limitations of conventional online deaeration methods, this research was conducted to design, fabricate, and optimize an air-oil separator unit. To simulate the turbulent flow and the physical separation mechanism, a three-dimensional, two-phase numerical model was developed, integrating the Volume of Fluid (VOF) and Discrete Phase Model (DPM) approaches. A laboratory-scale hydro-pneumatic test rig was designed and fabricated to validate the numerical model. A comparison between experimental and numerical results revealed a discrepancy of approximately 2.5% for separation efficiency and 5.6% for pressure drop, thereby confirming the model's validity for analyzing the variables affecting the separator's performance. The results indicated that separation efficiency exhibits a non-linear behavior, with an optimal inlet velocity range of 3.5 to 5.5 m/s establishing a balance between high efficiency (87.5–90%) and an acceptable pressure drop (735–1150 Pa). Furthermore, the geometric analysis identified optimal ranges for key parameters. Accordingly, optimal values for the conical section angle (5–6°), cylindrical diameter (36–40 mm), and air outlet diameter (18 mm) yielded separation efficiencies of 89%, 90%, and 90%, respectively. These findings provide a quantitative and reliable framework for the optimal design of air-oil separators, demonstrating that an effective balance between efficiency and energy consumption can be achieved by selecting appropriate geometric parameters. The implementation of this approach is expected to enhance the reliability and service life of hydraulic systems significantly. https://masm.araku.ac.ir/article_713981.html The aim of this project is to present an approach for developing a real-time hand gesture recognition which uses only a webcam and Computer Vision technology, such as image processing that can recognize several gestures for using in computer interface interaction. The most important goal of this project is to simulate playing a virtual piano using hand gesture recognition and recognizing specific gestures for each piano note. Implementing this virtual piano is done using a Personal Computer in MATLAB and also in Visual Studio C++ by OpenCV library environments and some comparisons is reported. The results show that implementing using OpenCV library is more fast and has higher performance than using MATLAB. Hand gesture distinguish accuracy is about 86.45% in MATLAB environment and about 92.7% using OpenCV library. Comparing the results based on consumed time to correctly distinguish a hand gesture is about 1.39 seconds in MATLAB environment and about 1.19 seconds using OpenCV library. https://masm.araku.ac.ir/article_721440.html Ultra-precision machining refers to the process of manufacturing very high-precision parts that are required in industries such as aerospace, medicine, optics, and electronics, where nanometer tolerances, fine surface coatings, and precise geometries are essential. In this research, the nano-machining process of polycrystalline nickel-iron-chromium alloy has been investigated using the molecular dynamics method. Investigating the effects of cutting speed and cutting depth parameters on this process by the response surface method shows that by reducing the cutting speed from 400 to 10 m/s, the cutting depth from 5 to 0.5 nm, the values of cutting forces, normal forces and the Von Mises stress of the workpiece decreases by 65.9, 23.4 and 25.58 percent, respectively. When the cutting depth was set to 0.5 nm and the cutting speed was 10 m/s, the temperature reached 308.82 K. At this state, the machining forces—including cutting forces and Thrust force —were measured at 152.42 and 221.2 (eV/n), respectively. This configuration minimizes the machining forces, resulting in an optimized state for the machining process. The investigation of structural changes using the radial distribution function shows that increasing the cutting speed from 10 m/s to 400 m/s, while maintaining a cutting depth of 2.75 nm, results in an increase of 10 units in the radial distribution function. This change has contributed to the structural alterations of the workpiece. https://masm.araku.ac.ir/article_721698.html In this research, the effect of manganese content on the microstructure and tensile properties of dual-phase steels was studied. At first, three low-carbon steels with fixed carbon and silicon and variable amount of manganese (0.76-2.3wt.%) were produced by melting and casting method. Then the cast steels were hot rolled in several stages to create sheets with a thickness of 2 mm. To create dual-phase ferritic-martensitic structure in steels, they were subjected to intercritical annealing process at three different temperatures of 750, 775 and 800 ℃ for 20 minutes and then quenched in cold water. According to the variables of intercritical annealing temperature and manganese content, different ratios of volume fraction of ferrite and martensite phases were created in steels. In order to study the role of manganese in dual-phase steels, these steels were subjected to microstructure and tensile properties. The relationship between tensile properties and microstructure was cleared. Increasing Mn at a constant intercritical annealing temperature significantly increased the martensite volume fraction. Meanwhile, the effect of annealing temperature on the volume fraction of martensite was less. The uniaxial tensile test on steels showed that manganese reduces the ductility of steels due to the increase of martensite volume fraction, while it increases their strength. The effectiveness of tensile strength was more than yield strength. https://masm.araku.ac.ir/article_723110.html In this research, the highly selective heterogeneous cation exchange membrane based on metal-organic frame works (MOFs) was prepared and introduced to electrodialysis system as hopeful material for the removal of heavy metal ions. MIL-101 (Fe) particles were fabricated via a simple chemical technique and suggested into matrix of the ion exchange membranes as additive particles. The membranes were prepared via solution casting technique by applying the desired concentrations of additive particles (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3 (wt%)) and then the effect of the additive particles on the morphology, electrochemical properties, and overall performance in electrodialysis system was studied. the synthesized MOF and homemade membranes were characterized using FTIR, FESEM, EDX and AFM. the images related to morphological studies showed uniform distribution of MIL-101 (Fe) particles in matrix of membranes. Utilizing MIL-101 (Fe) particles in the membrane body led to increase of surface hydrophilicity. The Water content of modified membranes was enhanced considerably compare to pristine. The membrane potential, transport number and permselectivity were increased by applying MIL-101 (Fe) loading ratio up to 1.5 wt% and then decreased. MIL-101 (Fe) membranes also, have considerable performance in removal of lead ions, so that modified sample with 2 wt% of MOF particles displayed a significant increase of 190% compare to pristine. The results are useful for electo-membrane process specially electrodialysis in order to water treatment. https://masm.araku.ac.ir/article_724880.html The failure of the E-637 heat exchanger necessitated repairs and prompted a redesign process. Initially, the non-circular, thick-walled vessel was designed using elasticity theory and evaluated against established standards. Data for analysis and redesign were gathered from the E-637 heat exchanger at the Shazand Oil Refinery. Both analytical and numerical modeling were conducted in accordance with standard requirements and incorporated reasonable simplifications. The simulation results were compared with operational data, which confirmed the accuracy of the analysis and design process.After verifying the design's accuracy, the optimization process commenced. The final model was analyzed based on the actual configuration while considering theoretical thicknesses. Studies showed that the ASME approach tends to adopt a conservative design. Therefore, optimization was achieved through numerical simulations and adherence to standard guidelines. This process led to a reduction in the vessel wall thickness. Ultimately, by referencing the analyses in Chapter 5 of the standard, the initial thicknesses were successfully optimized. https://masm.araku.ac.ir/article_728618.html Ultrasonic levitation, as an advanced non-contact particle manipulation technology, has gained prominence in modern research due to its independence from material physical properties and extensive applications in fields such as pharmaceuticals, microelectronics, and sonochemistry. However, optimal utilization of this technology requires a deep insight into parameters affecting particle stability and dynamics. In this study, the impact of initial particle release position—a less-explored key factor—on the dynamic behavior of particles levitated in an ultrasonic levitation system was investigated. Acoustic pressure at 20 kHz was modeled using Multiphysics simulation in COMSOL software, and the behavior of 20 polypropylene particles (diameter: 3 mm, density: 910 kg/m³) at various initial positions (ranging from 0.23 to 8.01) was analyzed. Drag forces, acoustic pressure forces, and gravitational forces were considered effective forces. Results revealed that particles released near pressure nodes exhibited the lowest oscillation amplitude and shortest stabilization time. As the initial release distance from pressure nodes increased, both oscillation amplitude and stabilization time increased. This factor’s influence on stabilization time was more pronounced near the reflector than near the transducer, indicating that particles released close to the reflector achieve a more stable levitated state compared to those released close to the transducer. Experimental validation showed significant agreement with simulation results. https://masm.araku.ac.ir/article_729338.html Nanoparticles can enhance the thermophysical properties of base fluids, leading to increased efficiency, especially in heat transfer applications. Therefore, achieving optimized thermophysical properties of nanofluids is of particular importance. In this study, two multilayer feedforward artificial neural networks (ANN) were designed and trained to predict the relative viscosity and thermal conductivity ratio of a water-based hybrid nanofluid MWCNT-Y2O3 (with a nanoparticle weight ratio of 80:20). The nanofluid samples studied contained varying volume concentrations of MWCNT-Y2O3 nanoparticles (from 0.01 to 0.2 percent) in the base fluid. Experimental data for relative viscosity and thermal conductivity ratio at different temperatures (from 25°C to 60°C) were available. For each ANN designed to estimate either the relative viscosity or the thermal conductivity ratio outputs, regression plots corresponding to the training, validation, and testing data sets demonstrated the networks' excellent performance. The mean and maximum relative percentage errors obtained for the testing data were as follows: for relative viscosity output, 0.5120% mean error and 2.5450% maximum error; for thermal conductivity ratio output, 0.1733% mean error and 0.2874% maximum error. Moreover, based on the developed model, a multi-objective optimization problem was formulated to simultaneously determine the minimum relative viscosity and maximum thermal conductivity ratio of the nanofluid. This problem was solved using the multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) metaheuristic method. Consequently, the optimal objective function values and input parameters were obtained, and the Pareto optimal points were graphically illustrated. https://masm.araku.ac.ir/article_731952.html In this study, the time-dependent behavior and stress relaxation of API-X42 seamless steel pipes reinforced with glass fiber composites were investigated to assess the effects of time on system stability and load-bearing capacity. A composite layer of E-glass fibers embedded in epoxy resin was applied to the pipe joint regions. Tensile tests were conducted in single-step and multi-step modes, with a 10minute hold at each stage, and the stress–time data were recorded in normalized form. The results indicated that lower loading rates promoted gradual stress relaxation and extended system stability, whereas higher rates led to faster stress release and attainment of a stable state in the early stages. Moreover, increasing the number of loading steps resulted in cumulative stress reduction and brought the system behavior closer to a quasi-stable state. At loading rates of 50, 100, and 200 mm/min, the final stress relaxation values were recorded as 8.9%, 7.7%, and 9.4%, respectively. These findings highlight the key role of resin viscoelasticity and stress distribution between fibers and steel in the mechanical stability of the system and underscore the importance of evaluating time-dependent behavior in the design and long-term performance prediction of reinforced steel pipes. The results of this study provide clear guidance for future research aimed at comprehensively investigating the effects of multi-step loading and ultimate failure mechanisms in steel–composite hybrid systems. https://masm.araku.ac.ir/article_733192.html The challenge of designing and implementing optimal data fusion methods that are both robust to uncertainties and simple enough for practical deployment has become a significant topic of interest in a wide range of navigation and positioning systems. In this study, inspired by the principles of Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control theory and integrating them with the conventional structure of the standard Kalman filter, we propose a novel data fusion approach. This method is specifically designed to improve robustness against measurement uncertainties from the Doppler Velocity Log (DVL) sensor in an integrated marine navigation system based on INS/DVL. The proposed approach aims to enhance the system’s resilience without introducing excessive computational complexity. Simulation results demonstrate that the integrated navigation system using the proposed algorithm outperforms traditional Kalman filter-based systems in terms of accuracy and response time, particularly under conditions involving sensor errors or uncertainty. These findings highlight the potential of the method for real-world applications in marine navigation scenarios. https://masm.araku.ac.ir/article_733592.html Recent advances in nanotechnology have highlighted the need for precise and stable methods for manipulating both biological and non-biological particles. Among the available tools, atomic force microscopy (AFM) is considered a key instrument due to its high capability for controlled contact and measurement of extremely small displacements. However, maintaining stable contact between the probe tip and the particle and preventing undesired slippage, especially when dealing with complex geometries, remains a significant challenge. In this study, a dynamic modeling framework combined with sliding mode control (SMC) was proposed to enhance AFM performance during particle manipulation. Simulation results demonstrated that the designed controller could maintain the probe’s position and angle with high accuracy. Examination of three particle geometries—spherical, cylindrical, and chamfered cylindrical—revealed that slippage increased with surface complexity, with spherical particles exhibiting the least sliding (3.4%) and chamfered cylindrical particles the most (4.8%). Furthermore, a comparison of three cantilever types showed that the V-shaped cantilever achieved the best performance, with only 2.1% sliding and a significant reduction in angular fluctuations.These findings indicate that combining accurate dynamic modeling with sliding mode control provides an effective approach for developing advanced AFM systems and expanding their applications in biological studies and tissue engineering.